Our methods
Our methods
Lab publications
All our papers are published "open access" meaning they are freely available for anyone in the world to read. If you have difficulty accessing any of our publications please email alexandra.woolgar@mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk and we will send you a copy!
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Preprints
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​​Scrivener, C., Groostwagers, T., Woolgar, A., (Preprint) Optimising analysis choices for multivariate decoding: creating pseudotrials using trial averaging and resampling https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.04.560678​​
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​Karimi-Rouzbahani, H. Rich, A.N., Woolgar, A (Preprint) Spatiotemporal characterisation of information coding and exchange in the multiple demand network. Preprint: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.07.617103
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Xiao, Q., Cui, Z., Zhang, C., Chen, S., Wu, W., Thwaites, A., Woolgar, A., Zhou, B., Zhang C. (Preprint) BrainOmni - A Brain Foundational Model for Unified EEG and MEG Signals https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.18185
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​2025
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Lu, R., Rogan, I. W., Woolgar, A., (2025, in press) Optimizing control conditions for entraining neural oscillations using rhythmic TMS. Brain Stimulation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.07.002
Thwaites, A., Zhang, C., Woolgar, A., (2025) Information Processing Pathway Maps: A Scalable Framework for Mapping Cortical Processing. Neuroimage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121345
Jackson, J. B.^, Scrivener, C. L.^, Correia, M. M., Mada, M., & Woolgar, A. (2025). Conducting interslice stimulation for concurrent TMS-fMRI. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. ^ equal contribution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2025.110513
Dermody, N., Lorenz, R., Goddard, E., Villringer, A., Woolgar, A., (2025) Spatial and feature-selective attention interact to drive selective coding in frontoparietal cortex. Neuropsychologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109172
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Jackson, J.B., Rich, A.N., Moerel, D., Teichmann, L., Duncan, J., Woolgar, A., (2025) Domain general frontoparietal regions show modality-dependent coding of auditory and visual rules. Imaging Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1162/IMAG.a.29
Woolgar, A.*, Feredoes, E.*, Assem, M., Bassil, Y., Bergmann, T.O., Beynel, L., Burke, M., Cash, R.F.H., Comeau, R.M., Correia, M.M., Genc, E., Hartwigsen, G., Jackson, J.B., Kienle, M., Kunz, P., Leticevscaia, O., Luber, B., Lueckel, M., Mathiesen, C., Michael, E., Numssen, O., Oathes, D.J., Rosen, A.C. , Schuhmann, T., Schuler, A.-L., Scrivener, C.L., Thielscher, A., Tik, M., Todorov, Y., Vasileiadi, M., Windischberger, C., Hermiller, M.S.*, and Sack, A.T.* * equal contribution (2025, in press) Concurrent TMS-fMRI: An international consensus and functional guide for current and future researchers. Nature Protocols. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-025-01182-4
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Lu, R., (2025) Linking the multiple-demand cognitive control system to human electrophysiological activity. Neuropsycholigia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109096
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Lu., R., Michael, E., Scrivener, C.L., Jackson, J.,. Duncan, J., & Woolgar, A (2025) The causal roles of parietal alpha oscillations and evoked potentials in coding task-relevant information during selective attention. Brain Stimulation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.003
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Murphy F.C., Dermody N., Watson P., Scott S.K., Calder A.J., Peers P.V., Manly, T., Emotion recognition, symptoms of depression, and fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions (2025) Neuropsychologia https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393225001058
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2024
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Lu., R., Dermody, N., Duncan, J., & Woolgar, A (2024) Aperiodic and oscillatory systems underpinning human domain-general cognition. Nature Communications Biology. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-07397-7
Moerel, D., Rich, A.N., Woolgar, A., (2024) Selective attention and decision-making have separable neural bases in space and time. Journal of Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0224-24.2024
Zheng, Y., Lu, R., & Woolgar, A. (2024) Radical flexibility of neural representations in service of flexible behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101392
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Kong, Y., Zhao, C., Li, D., Li, B., Hu, Y., Liu, H., Woolgar, A., Guo, J., Song, Y., (2024) Auditory change detection and visual selective attention: Association between MMN and N2pc. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhae175
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Zhang, Z., Thwaites, A., Moore, B., Woolgar, A., Zhang, C., (2024) SWIM: Short-Window CNN Integrated with Mamba for EEG-Based Auditory Spatial Attention Decoding. Proceedings of IEEE Spoken Language Technology 2024 Preprint: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.19884
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Jackson, J.B., Lu, R., & Woolgar, A., Causal temporal dynamics of task-relevant rule and stimulus selections (Register Report with Stage 1 In Principal Acceptance May 2024). Peer Community in Registered Reports https://rr.peercommunityin.org/PCIRegisteredReports/articles/rec?id=570
2023
​Wisniewski, D, González-García, C., Formica, S., Woolgar, A., Brass, M., (2023) Adaptive coding of stimulus information in human fronto-parietal cortex during visual classification. Neuroimage https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120150
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Petit, S., Brown, A., Jessen, E. T., Woolgar, A., (2023) How robustly do multivariate EEG patterns track individual-subject lexico-semantic processing of visual stimuli? Language, Cognition and Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2023.2177315
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Barnes, L., Rangelov, D., Mattingley, J., Woolgar, A., (2023) Fractionating distraction: how past- and future-relevant distractors influence integrated decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001081
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2022
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Moerel, D., Grootswagers, T., Robinson, A. K., Woolgar, A., Carlson, T., & Rich, A. N. (2022). The time-course of feature-based attention effects dissociated from temporal expectation and target-related processes. Scientific Resports. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10687-x
Barnes, L., Goddard, E., & Woolgar, A. (2022). Neural coding of visual objects rapidly reconfigures to reflect sub-trial shifts in attentional focus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01832
Robinson, A. K., Rich, A. N., & Woolgar, A. (2022). Linking the brain with behaviour: the neural dynamics of success and failure in goal-directed behaviour. Journal of Cognitive Neurosicence. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01818
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Goddard, E., Carlson, T. A., & Woolgar, A. (2022). Spatial and feature-selective attention have distinct, interacting, effects on population-level tuning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_017
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Cope, T., Hughes, L. E., Phillips, H. N., Adams, N. E., Jafariana, A., Nesbitt, D., Assem, M., CamCAN, Woolgar, A., Duncan, J., Rowe, J. B., (2022) Causal evidence for the multiple demand network in change detection: auditory mismatch magnetoencephalography across focal neurodegenerative diseases. The Journal of Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1622-21.2022
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Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., & Woolgar, A., (2022) When the whole is less than the sum of its parts: maximum object category information and behavioral prediction in multiscale activation patterns. Frontiers in Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.825746
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Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Woolgar, A., Henson, R., Nili, H., (2022) Caveats and nuances of model-based and model-free representational connectivity analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.755988
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Lu, R., Xi, J., Zhang, X., & Shi, J. (2022). High fluid intelligence is characterized by flexible allocation of attentional resources: Evidence from EEG. Neuropsychologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108094
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Whyte, C. Formalising the Adaptive Coding Hypothesis: A Plastic Attractor Explains Neuroimaging Task Codes and Their Perturbation by TMS MPhil Medical Science thesis, University of Cambridge, (2022). Available here.
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2021
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Jackson, J. B., Feredoes, E., Rich, A., Lindner, M. & Woolgar, A. (2021). Concurrent neuroimaging and neural stimulation reveals a causal role for dlPFC in coding of task-relevant information. Nature Communications Biology https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02109-x
Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Woolgar, A.*, & Rich, A.N.* (2021) Vigilance decrements in the brain: neural signatures can predict behavioural errors before they happen. *equal contribution. eLife, 10: e60563 https://elifesciences.org/articles/60563
Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Remezani, F., Woolgar, A., Rich, A.N., & Ghodrati, M. (2021). Perceptual difficulty modulates the direction of information flow in familiar face recognition. NeuroImage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117896
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Barnes, L., Petit S., Badcock, N.B., Whyte, C., & Woolgar, A., (2021) Word detection in individual subjects is difficult to probe with fast periodic visual stimulation. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (602798). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.602798
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Scrivener, C. L. (2021). When is simultaneous recording necessary? A guide for researchers considering combined EEG-fMRI. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (744) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.636424
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Karimi-Rouzbahani, H., Shahmohammadi, M., Vahab, E., Setayeshi, S., Carlson, T., (2021) Temporal codes provide additional category-related information in object category decoding: a systematic comparison of informative EEG features. Neural Computation 33(11):3027-3072 https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01436
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Smith, R., Friston, K., Whyte, C., (2021 Preprint) A step-by-step tutorial on active inference and its application to empirical data. https://10.31234/osf.io/b4jm6
Wisniewski, D, González-García, C., Formica, S., Woolgar, A., Brass, M., (2021 Preprint) Adaptive coding of stimulus information in human fronto-parietal cortex during visual classification https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.22.469511
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2020
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Petit, S., Badcock, N. A., Grootswagers, T., Rich, A. N., Brock, J., Nickels, L., ... & Woolgar, A. (2020). Towards an individualised neural assessment of receptive language in children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00313
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Petit, S., Badcock, N. A., & Woolgar, A. (2020). Finding Hidden Treasures: A Child-Friendly Neural Test Of Task-Following In Individuals Using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound. Neuropsychologia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107515
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Petit, S., Badcock, N. A., Grootswagers, T., & Woolgar, A. (2020).Unconstrained multivariate EEG decoding can help detect lexical-semantic processing in individual children. Nature Scientific Reports https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67407-6.pdf
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Caruana, N., Alhasan, A., Wagner, K., Kaplan, D.M., Woolgar, A., McArthur G., (2020) The effect of non-communicative eye movements on joint attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021820945604
Weldon, K. B., Woolgar, A., Rich, A. N., & Williams, M. A. (2020). Late disruption of central visual field disrupts peripheral perception of form and color. PloS one, 15(1), e0219725.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219725
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Brown, A. C., Peters J. L., Parson C., Crewther D. P., & Crewther S. G., (2020). Efficiency in magnocellular processing: A common deficit in neurodevelopment disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 00049
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00049/full
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2019
Weldon, K. B., Woolgar, A., Rich, A. N., & Williams, M. A. (2019). Foveal feedback supports peripheral perception of both object color and form. BioRxiv, 690305.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690305
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Woolgar, A., Dermody, N., Afshar, S., Williams, M. A., & Rich, A. N. (2019). Meaningful patterns of information in the brain revealed through analysis of errors. bioRxiv, 673681.
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/673681v1.full.pdf.
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2018
Woolgar, A., Duncan, J., Manes, F., & Fedorenko, E. (2018). Fluid intelligence is supported by the multiple-demand system not the language system. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(3), 200-204.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0282-3.pdf
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Jackson, J. B., & Woolgar, A. (2018). Adaptive coding in the human brain: Distinct object features are encoded by overlapping voxels in frontoparietal cortex. Cortex, 108, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.006
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Caruana, N., Stieglitz Ham, H., Brock, J., Woolgar, A., Kloth, N., Palermo, R., & McArthur, G. (2018). Joint attention difficulties in autistic adults: an interactive eye-tracking study. Autism, 22(4), 502-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316676204
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Zopf, R., Butko, M., Woolgar, A., Williams, M. A., & Rich, A. N. (2018). Representing the location of manipulable objects in shape-selective occipitotemporal cortex: Beyond retinotopic reference frames?. Cortex, 106, 132-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.009
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2017
Jackson, J., Rich, A. N., Williams, M. A., & Woolgar, A. (2017). Feature-selective attention in frontoparietal cortex: multivoxel codes adjust to prioritize task-relevant information. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 29(2), 310-321.
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn_a_01039
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Woolgar, A., & Zopf, R. (2017). Multisensory coding in the multiple-demand regions: vibrotactile task information is coded in frontoparietal cortex. Journal of neurophysiology, 118(2), 703-716.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/prev/20170412-aop/pdf/10.1152/jn.00559.2016
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Caruana, N., McArthur, G., Woolgar, A., & Brock, J. (2017). Simulating social interactions for the experimental investigation of joint attention. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 115-125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.022
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Caruana, N., McArthur, G., Woolgar, A., & Brock, J. (2017). Detecting communicative intent in a computerised test of joint attention. PeerJ, 5, e2899.
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2016
Goddard, E., Carlson, T. A., Dermody, N., & Woolgar, A. (2016). Representational dynamics of object recognition: Feedforward and feedback information flows. Neuroimage, 128, 385-397.
http://mvr.mcgill.ca/goddard/goddard2016.pdf
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Woolgar, A., Jackson, J., & Duncan, J. (2016). Coding of visual, auditory, rule, and response information in the brain: 10 years of multivoxel pattern analysis. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 28(10), 1433-1454.
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn_a_00981
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Weldon, K. B., Rich, A. N., Woolgar, A., & Williams, M. A. (2016). Disruption of foveal space impairs discrimination of peripheral objects. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 699.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00699
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2015
Woolgar, A., Williams, M. A., & Rich, A. N. (2015). Attention enhances multi-voxel representation of novel objects in frontal, parietal and visual cortices. Neuroimage, 109, 429-437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.083
Woolgar, A., Afshar, S., Williams, M. A., & Rich, A. N. (2015). Flexible coding of task rules in frontoparietal cortex: an adaptive system for flexible cognitive control. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 27(10), 1895-1911.
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn_a_00827
Caruana, N., Brock, J., & Woolgar, A. (2015). A frontotemporoparietal network common to initiating and responding to joint attention bids. Neuroimage, 108, 34-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.041
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2014
Woolgar, A., Golland, P., & Bode, S. (2014). Coping with confounds in multivoxel pattern analysis: What should we do about reaction time differences? A comment on Todd, Nystrom & Cohen 2013. Neuroimage, 98, 506-512.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450346/
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Rivolta, D., Woolgar, A., Palermo, R., Butko, M., Schmalzl, L., & Williams, M. A. (2014). Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) reveals abnormal fMRI activity in both the “core” and “extended” face network in congenital prosopagnosia. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 925.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00925
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2013
Woolgar, A., Bor, D., & Duncan, J. (2013). Global increase in task-related fronto-parietal activity after focal frontal lobe lesion. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 25(9), 1542-1552.
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/jocn_a_00432
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2011
Woolgar, A., Hampshire, A., Thompson, R., & Duncan, J. (2011). Adaptive coding of task-relevant information in human frontoparietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(41), 14592-14599.
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/31/41/14592.full.pdf
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Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Bor, D., & Duncan, J. (2011). Multi-voxel coding of stimuli, rules, and responses in human frontoparietal cortex. Neuroimage, 56(2), 744-752.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.035
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Roca, M., Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E., Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Duncan, J., & Manes, F. (2011). The role of Area 10 (BA10) in human multitasking and in social cognition: a lesion study. Neuropsychologia, 49(13), 3525-3531.
http://facundomanes.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/98-the-role-of-area-10.pdf
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2010
Roca, M., Parr, A., Thompson, R., Woolgar, A., Torralva, T., Antoun, N., ... & Duncan, J. (2010). Executive function and fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions. Brain, 133(1), 234-247.
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp269
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Woolgar, A., Parr, A., Cusack, R., Thompson, R., Nimmo-Smith, I., Torralva, T., ... & Duncan, J. (2010). Fluid intelligence loss linked to restricted regions of damage within frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 107(33), 14899-14902.
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/107/33/14899.full.pdf
2008
Duncan, J., Parr, A., Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Bright, P., Cox, S., ... & Nimmo-Smith, I. (2008). Goal neglect and Spearman's g: competing parts of a complex task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(1), 131.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Bright/publication/5604357_Goal_Neglect_and_Spearman's_g_Competing_Parts_of_a_Complex_Task/links/56c5960e08aea564e305e2db.pdf
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Hogan, S., Stokes, J., White, C., Tyszkiewicz, E., & Woolgar, A. (2008). An evaluation of auditory verbal therapy using the rate of early language development as an outcome measure. Deafness & education international, 10(3), 143-167.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/146431508790559760?needAccess=true